金環宇電線電纜：家用電器漏電原因及處理方法
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來源：金環宇電線電纜發布日期：2019-04-02 09:11
在使用家電過程中，有時用于觸摸外殼會有一種麻電的感受，用電筆測試氖燈會發光，這就是人們經常遇到的漏電現象。可為什么會發生漏電現象呢？現實生活中，人們遇到漏電的原因是很多的。今天金環宇電線電纜小編和大家一起來了解下家用電器漏電原因及處理方法。
一(yi)、漏電原因分析
漏電(dian)(dian)通(tong)常是市電(dian)(dian)相線(xian)（也(ye)稱火線(xian)）與家電(dian)(dian)外(wai)殼（包括某(mou)些外(wai)露的(de)零部件）之間存(cun)在一條或多條電(dian)(dian)流(liu)泄漏通(tong)路(lu)，根據電(dian)(dian)流(liu)泄漏路(lu)徑(jing)不同，
主要有以下三種(zhong)
1、短路(lu)性漏電：指(zhi)市電相(xiang)線（包括與相(xiang)線相(xiang)連(lian)的(de)電動機、變壓器等）與家電外殼間的(de)絕緣材料因嚴(yan)重(zhong)老化、破(po)損，造成直(zhi)接連(lian)通(tong)。
2、高阻性(xing)漏(lou)電：家(jia)(jia)(jia)電外殼和市電相(xiang)線之間都(dou)存(cun)在絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電阻。即(ji)使(shi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材料質量再(zai)好，也不是(shi)絕(jue)對絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的，只不過電阻值非(fei)常大(da)而已，因此無(wu)論哪種家(jia)(jia)(jia)電產品，通常都(dou)有一個絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)性(xing)能(neng)指標，以保(bao)證(zheng)家(jia)(jia)(jia)電漏(lou)電不致(zhi)傷(shang)害人及物(wu)品。比如電冰箱，規定(ding)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電阻不得小于2MQ。在設(she)計中已能(neng)保(bao)證(zheng)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電阻都(dou)很大(da)，所(suo)以漏(lou)電電流(liu)極其微(wei)弱。
3、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)性(xing)(xing)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)線與(yu)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外殼(ke)間都存在一(yi)定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，交(jiao)流市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能通過這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)所引起的(de)(de)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)有集總性(xing)(xing)質的(de)(de)，比(bi)如洗衣機(ji)中的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)繞組與(yu)轉子、定子等(deng)金(jin)屬件形成的(de)(de)分布電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)。由(you)于(yu)引起這(zhe)種(zhong)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)都不大(da)，一(yi)般為數十至數百微(wei)法，對50Hz市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)容(rong)抗非(fei)常大(da)。因漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流極小，對人安全沒有什么影響。
二、漏電性質判(pan)斷
對220V以(yi)下漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，把萬(wan)用表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)置交流250V或(huo)(huo)500V檔(dang)，一只表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)筆接家電(dian)(dian)(dian)外殼或(huo)(huo)外露(lu)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)元件，另一表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)筆接市電(dian)(dian)(dian)零線，一般會出現100至(zhi)220V的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓讀數。此讀數與(yu)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)及所用萬(wan)用表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)內阻有(you)(you)關。然后逐檔(dang)撥小(xiao)(xiao)萬(wan)用表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)量(liang)程(cheng)，并觀察(cha)指針變(bian)化(hua)。若(ruo)隨量(liang)程(cheng)撥小(xiao)(xiao)，表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)針指示(shi)值或(huo)(huo)偏(pian)轉角(jiao)度成比例(li)地大(da)(da)幅(fu)度上升(sheng)(sheng)，甚至(zhi)在100V以(yi)下各檔(dang)中均超量(liang)程(cheng)，則(ze)說明是短路性(xing)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)；若(ruo)隨著量(liang)程(cheng)的撥小(xiao)(xiao)，指示(shi)值稍有(you)(you)上升(sheng)(sheng)，指針偏(pian)轉角(jiao)度變(bian)化(hua)很小(xiao)(xiao)，則(ze)為高阻性(xing)或(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容性(xing)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
三(san)、幾種常見的漏電(dian)處理方法
1、電視(shi)機、收錄機
此類家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai)殼都用(yong)非(fei)金(jin)屬制成(cheng)，因此除高(gao)壓漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai)，不(bu)存(cun)在外(wai)殼帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)題。但它們的(de)(de)拉(la)桿天線、各種(zhong)開關、旋鈕、插(cha)孔等都與機內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路相(xiang)連(lian)或通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容相(xiang)連(lian)，因而(er)就可(ke)(ke)能帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。一般情況只要不(bu)是短(duan)路性漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如(ru)消噪電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容擊穿或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)初級與地絕緣破(po)損，可(ke)(ke)不(bu)必(bi)專門處理。對(dui)于使用(yong)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)彩(cai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)一些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容降壓而(er)不(bu)使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，外(wai)露(lu)金(jin)屬元件(jian)就不(bu)允許與機內地線直(zhi)接相(xiang)連(lian)，必(bi)須用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容或變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)隔離，否則相(xiang)線可(ke)(ke)能直(zhi)接與外(wai)露(lu)金(jin)屬元件(jian)相(xiang)通，當人體(ti)觸及(ji)時就可(ke)(ke)能有生命危險。對(dui)于高(gao)壓漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)使外(wai)殼帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視機，可(ke)(ke)用(yong)清洗劑擦拭高(gao)壓帽，行輸出(chu)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)及(ji)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai)殼部位。
2、 電(dian)冰(bing)箱(xiang)
電(dian)(dian)(dian)冰箱絕緣(yuan)破損(sun)造成(cheng)的(de)短路漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)，以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容性、電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻性漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)檢查和處理(li)方法如前(qian)所述，不(bu)再重復(fu)。此外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)冰箱溫(wen)控(kong)器是比較(jiao)容易產生(sheng)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)部件。由于溫(wen)控(kong)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)源有直(zhi)接聯系，并與照明(ming)燈固定在一起，箱內蒸發的(de)水份往往凝集在不(bu)密(mi)封的(de)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti)上(shang)，時(shi)間(jian)一久，就會在帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti)與感(gan)溫(wen)管和箱體(ti)外殼(ke)連通的(de)金(jin)屬之(zhi)間(jian)形成(cheng)一條漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路。處理(li)的(de)方法是先(xian)將(jiang)感(gan)溫(wen)管擦干，再套上(shang)一段絕緣(yuan)管即可。
3、洗衣機
漏電(dian)原因(yin)大(da)多(duo)因(yin)漏水滴(di)入電(dian)容或(huo)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)內造成的(de)。平時(shi)使用時(shi)要(yao)注意，不要(yao)將(jiang)水濺到(dao)啟動(dong)電(dian)容上，一旦發生漏電(dian)，可先去(qu)除潮濕(shi)的(de)污(wu)垢(gou)，再清洗、烘干即可。
4、 電風扇
電風扇較(jiao)容易(yi)引起漏電的部件是開(kai)關箱(xiang)、調速器、指(zhi)示燈及琴鍵開(kai)關等，這些元件一般都(dou)直(zhi)接固定(ding)在金屬(shu)開(kai)關箱(xiang)或底(di)座(zuo)(zuo)上。接線端頭容易(yi)與底(di)座(zuo)(zuo)相碰而產生(sheng)短路性漏電，應(ying)著重檢查端頭絕緣情況。
5．電熱毯(tan)
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)毯漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)般是分布電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容引起(qi)的，由于人體(ti)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)毯的接(jie)觸面積很大，故(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容性漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要比其它家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)更為嚴重(zhong)，有相當一(yi)部分人會感到(dao)不適。解決的方(fang)法是睡(shui)前預熱(re)，睡(shui)時斷開電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源（拔下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插頭較安(an)全），或選購屏蔽型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)毯。
四、漏(lou)電的預(yu)防
對于短路(lu)(lu)(lu)性漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)，只要加強市電(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)及有關元件的(de)絕(jue)緣，可避免或減小漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)發(fa)生次數。但(dan)是(shi)，由于家電(dian)(dian)中的(de)高阻(zu)及分布電(dian)(dian)容(rong)是(shi)固有的(de)，通常無法(fa)將高阻(zu)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)及電(dian)(dian)容(rong)性漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)徹底消除。因此，一般采用(yong)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)方法(fa)，將家電(dian)(dian)金屬外殼(ke)接(jie)(jie)大地，把漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)泄放(fang)掉，如(ru)果外殼(ke)接(jie)(jie)地后發(fa)生短路(lu)(lu)(lu)性漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)，入地的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)很(hen)大，可將家電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源保險絲燒斷，從而起(qi)到(dao)(dao)保護(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)。所以，這樣對三種主要漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)都能(neng)起(qi)到(dao)(dao)有效地保護(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)。
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