電纜內護層與外護層介紹及作用
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來源:金環宇電線電纜發布日期(qi):2019-09-27 16:44
為了使(shi)電(dian)纜絕緣不受損傷.并滿足各種使(shi)用條(tiao)件和環境的(de)要求,在電(dian)纜絕緣層外(wai)包覆(fu)有保護層,叫做電(dian)纜護層。電(dian)纜護層分為內護層和外(wai)護層。
電纜內護層與外(wai)護層介(jie)紹
(一)內護層
內護層是包覆在電纜絕緣上的保護覆蓋層,用以防止絕緣層受潮、機械損傷以及光和化學侵蝕性媒質等的作用,同時還可以流過短路電流。內護層有金屬的錯護套、平鋁護套、皺紋鋁護套、銅護套、綜合護套,以及非金屬的塑料護套、橡膠護套等。金屬護套多用于油浸紙絕緣電纜和110kV及以上的交聯聚乙烯絕緣電力電纜;塑(su)(su)料(liao)護(hu)套(tao)(特(te)別是聚氯乙烯護(hu)套(tao)》可(ke)用(yong)于各種塑(su)(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan);橡膠護(hu)套(tao)一(yi)般(ban)多用(yong)于橡膠絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)。
鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)僅為鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)23. 8%,且鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)比(bi)(bi)鉛(qian)(qian)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)薄得多(duo)、所(suo)以鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)電(dian)纜(lan)要(yao)比(bi)(bi)船套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)電(dian)纜(lan)輕得多(duo)。而且鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)阻系(xi)數比(bi)(bi)鉛(qian)(qian)小得多(duo),鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)短路熱容量(liang)大(da),在短路電(dian)流持續(xu)時間稍長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統中(zhong),一(yi)般(ban)標準(zhun)厚度(du)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)即能滿足(zu)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu):如(ru)計算(suan)中(zhong)熱穩(wen)定(ding)不(bu)夠時可(ke)將鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)稍加厚一(yi)些就(jiu)能滿足(zu)技(ji)(ji)術要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu),無需增加銅(tong)絲(si)(或銅(tong)帶(dai))屏蔽,因(yin)此鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)電(dian)纜(lan)既經濟(ji)又實(shi)惠(hui)。敷(fu)設(she)(she)省力:使用(yong)(yong)皺紋鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)護套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)纜(lan),其外徑相應(ying)較大(da),使電(dian)纜(lan)盤(pan)的(de)(de)(de)尺寸也(ye)相應(ying)要(yao)大(da)些,因(yin)而敷(fu)設(she)(she)施工也(ye)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)難度(du)。相比(bi)(bi)之下,鉛(qian)(qian)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)要(yao)比(bi)(bi)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)重(zhong)得多(duo),鉛(qian)(qian)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)要(yao)滿足(zu)技(ji)(ji)術中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)短路熱穩(wen)定(ding)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu),鉛(qian)(qian)金的(de)(de)(de)截面(mian)必(bi)須比(bi)(bi)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)大(da)得多(duo),但由于鉛(qian)(qian)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)結構(gou)緊(jin)密,化學穩(wen)定(ding)好、較鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)耐(nai)腐蝕,因(yin)此鉛(qian)(qian)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)決(jue)不(bu)會(hui)被鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)所(suo)取代(dai)。在陸上使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)各種電(dian)纜(lan)各有(you)特(te)征及利弊。在直理及排管敷(fu)設(she)(she)中(zhong)宜優先(xian)考慮鉛(qian)(qian)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)電(dian)纜(lan),而過江及海底(di)電(dian)纜(lan)一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)采用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)(qian)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)。因(yin)為一(yi)日外護套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)破(po)損后鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)很快會(hui)穿(chuan)孔不(bu)如(ru)鉛(qian)(qian)套(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)耐(nai)用(yong)(yong)。
按電纜在(zai)使用(yong)中受(shou)力和外護層的(de)結構情況,鉛護套的(de)原(yuan)座(zuo)分為三類(lei),每一(yi)類(lei)叉隨著(zhu)導(dao)體(ti)截(jie)面增大而加厚。
第(di)一類:電(dian)纜(lan)有(you)鎧裝層(或麻被)保護,使用中僅有(you)機械外力而(er)不受拉力的電(dian)纜(lan),鉛(qian)護套厚度為1.2~2.0mm。
第(di)二類各種分(fen)相(xiang)鉛套電纜.錯護套厚(hou)度(du)為1.2- 2sm
第三類,沒有任何外護層的裸銘套電纜。以及用于水下教設等承受大的拉力的鋼絲鎧裝電纜,鉛護套厚度為1.4~2. 9mm。
充油電力電纜還(huan)考慮到內(nei)部承受壓力以及敷設(she)運(yun)行條件等(deng)因素,因此鉛護套更委(wei)厚些。
由(you)于鋁護(hu)套的機械(xie)強度比鉛護(hu)套大得多。因此各種(zhong)形式電纜的鋁護(hu)套,再(zai)度是(shi)統一的其(qi)厚(hou)度為1.1~2.0mm。
還有一(yi)種(zhong)新型的(de)(de)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)結構叫做綜(zong)合(he)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao),是(shi)由鋁信(xin)PE復合(he)展縱(zong)向搭蓋卷包熱風(feng)加接,在(zai)擠包外(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)后(hou)與(yu)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)結合(he)成體。具有綜(zong)合(he)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)電纜,其(qi)重量輕尺(chi)十小(xiao),在(zai)字序(xu)知路容量不大的(de)(de)系(xi)統中使(shi)用(yong)有降低造價的(de)(de)優勢(shi),在(zai)零(ling)序(xu)知路容最較大的(de)(de)系(xi)統內需加制絲屏蔽。綜(zong)合(he)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)金(jin)屬箔作徑(jing)向阻水(shui)是(shi)有效的(de)(de)阻水(shui)層,但其(qi)抗(kang)外(wai)(wai)力破壞及外(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)穿孔(kong)后(hou)的(de)(de)時(shi)實性(xing)作用(yong)是(shi)脆(cui)弱(ruo)的(de)(de)。
聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電纜(lan)(lan)和35kV及以下交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電纜(lan)(lan)的(de)內護層為聚氮乙(yi)烯護套或聚乙(yi)烯護套。其厚(hou)度(du)為1.6~3.4mm,隨著導體直徑的(de)增大而加厚(hou)。
(二)外護層
外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是包覆(fu)在電(dian)纜(lan)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)套(內(nei)(nei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng))外(wai)(wai)(wai)面的(de)(de)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)覆(fu)蓋(gai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),主(zhu)要(yao)起(qi)(qi)機械(xie)加(jia)強(qiang)和防(fang)腐蝕作(zuo)用(yong)。常用(yong)電(dian)纜(lan)有(you)(you)內(nei)(nei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和內(nei)(nei)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為塑料護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)套的(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)套的(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)一(yi)般由襯墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、鎧(kai)裝層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和外(wai)(wai)(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)三(san)部分組(zu)成。襯墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)位于金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)套與鎧(kai)裝層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之間,起(qi)(qi)皚裝襯墊(dian)和金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)防(fang)腐蝕作(zuo)用(yong)。鎧(kai)裝層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)帶(dai)或金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)絲,主(zhu)要(yao)起(qi)(qi)機械(xie)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)作(zuo)用(yong),金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)絲可承受拉力(li)。外(wai)(wai)(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)在鎧(kai)裝層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)外(wai)(wai)(wai),對金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)鎧(kai)裝起(qi)(qi)防(fang)腐蝕作(zuo)用(yong)。村墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及外(wai)(wai)(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)由瀝青、聚(ju)氣乙烯(xi)帶(dai)、浸漬紙、聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)或聚(ju)乙烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)套等材料組(zu)成。根據各種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)纜(lan)使用(yong)的(de)(de)環境和條件(jian)不(bu)同(tong),其外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)組(zu)成結構也各異,常用(yong)各型號(hao)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)結構見有(you)(you)關各種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)纜(lan)型號(hao)表。
內護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為塑料護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)的外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的結(jie)構(gou)有(you)(you)兩種(zhong)(zhong)。一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)無外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)而僅有(you)(you)聚氯乙(yi)嬌(PVC)或聚乙(yi)烯護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)另(ling)一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)鎧裝層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)外(wai)(wai)(wai)還(huan)擠包了PVC套(tao)(tao)或聚乙(yi)烯套(tao)(tao),其(qi)厚(hou)度與內護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)相(xiang)同。傳統的PVC外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)因PVC的工作(zuo)溫度較(jiao)低(di),對于運行溫度高(gao)且有(you)(you)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)絕緣要求的高(gao)壓交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)烯(XLPE)電纜已不(bu)太(tai)適(shi)合所以現采用高(gao)密度聚乙(yi)烯CHDPE)或低(di)密度聚乙(yi)烯(LLDPE)作(zuo)外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)已很普(pu)遍(bian),但無阻燃性,明敷設時要考忠(zhong)防火措(cuo)施或采用阻燃型(xing)電纜。使(shi)用HDPE作(zuo)外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)可提高(gao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的絕緣水(shui)平。外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)與皺(zhou)紋金屬套(tao)(tao)聞應有(you)(you)黏結(jie)劑。