10kV電力電纜故障判斷及處理方法
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來源：金環宇電纜發布日期：2019-10-04 14:51
電力電纜故障判斷方法：
要想判斷(duan)10kV電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)問題就需要根(gen)據故(gu)障(zhang)情況(kuang)來做簡單的(de)試驗，并判斷(duan)故(gu)障(zhang)性質。故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)判斷(duan)方法主要有以下幾種：
1、基本方法
(1)電橋法。
電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)法(fa)應用歷史較長(chang)，不(bu)過(guo)在新技(ji)術不(bu)斷出現(xian)的(de)今天，電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)法(fa)依然有它的(de)優勢。這樣(yang)的(de)方法(fa)在檢測電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)單相接地、相間(jian)短路等(deng)問題上(shang)運用起(qi)來比(bi)較方便，而且誤差也(ye)小。傳統上(shang)是通過(guo)計算橋(qiao)(qiao)壁平衡調節所(suo)得數(shu)據和(he)電(dian)纜(lan)總長(chang)度(du)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)距(ju)離測點來尋找故障(zhang)(zhang)。但(dan)電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)法(fa)的(de)不(bu)足就(jiu)是要準確知道(dao)電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)長(chang)度(du)等(deng)一些原始資料，電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)相要有良(liang)好(hao)的(de)絕(jue)緣性。而現(xian)實中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)纜(lan)故障(zhang)(zhang)基(ji)本上(shang)是高阻和(he)閃(shan)絡(luo)故障(zhang)(zhang)，用該方法(fa)測量的(de)時間(jian)比(bi)較長(chang)。
(2)低壓(ya)脈沖反射法。
在電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故障(zhang)檢測中(zhong)，所謂低壓脈沖(chong)(chong)反(fan)射(she)(she)法就是將高頻率(lv)的低壓脈沖(chong)(chong)發射(she)(she)到電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)中(zhong)，脈沖(chong)(chong)在傳(chuan)播遇到故障(zhang)點或者不匹配點就會(hui)反(fan)射(she)(she)電(dian)(dian)磁波(bo)，測量儀器會(hui)接收到反(fan)射(she)(she)脈沖(chong)(chong)。
(3)直(zhi)流閃絡法與高壓閃絡法。
直流(liu)閃(shan)絡(luo)法(fa)是用(yong)來查(cha)詢閃(shan)絡(luo)故(gu)障(zhang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)點。將直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)施加(jia)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障(zhang)點中(zhong)，并(bing)將其(qi)立刻擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)，此(ci)時(shi)故(gu)障(zhang)點會出現(xian)閃(shan)絡(luo)，測量(liang)(liang)點和故(gu)障(zhang)點之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)距離通過測量(liang)(liang)波來獲取。如果(guo)閃(shan)絡(luo)故(gu)障(zhang)在(zai)高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下被立刻擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)，可以使用(yong)此(ci)方(fang)法(fa)。直流(liu)閃(shan)絡(luo)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)測量(liang)(liang)波波形比較(jiao)簡單(dan)，而且(qie)易于理解，有著高精(jing)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)讀(du)數。要是電(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障(zhang)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻不(bu)高，這種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)就不(bu)適用(yong)了(le)。因(yin)為這樣會讓直流(liu)泄漏(lou)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)，造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)纜線的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)小。此(ci)時(shi)就應該運用(yong)高壓(ya)閃(shan)絡(luo)法(fa)(沖閃(shan)法(fa))。可以利用(yong)這種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)判斷(duan)故(gu)障(zhang)點有沒(mei)有擊(ji)放電(dian)(dian)，但是不(bu)能(neng)說明(ming)產(chan)生了(le)間隙(xi)放電(dian)(dian)就是故(gu)障(zhang)點被擊(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)了(le)。
2、精確確定點測量法(fa)
上述測量故障點(dian)的(de)方法(fa)適用于大范圍的(de)故障點(dian)，而不適用于施工(gong)處(chu)理。電纜(lan)路徑和深埋(mai)查找(zhao)可(ke)以運(yun)用精確查找(zhao)的(de)方式找(zhao)出確切的(de)故障點(dian)位置(zhi)。而在這(zhe)種情(qing)況下使用的(de)方法(fa)就是聲(sheng)測法(fa)和聲(sheng)磁(ci)同步法(fa)。
(1)聲測法。
運用(yong)靈敏度(du)高的聲(sheng)(sheng)電轉(zhuan)換器放大(da)故(gu)障點電放時(shi)產生(sheng)的聲(sheng)(sheng)音，使其轉(zhuan)換成聲(sheng)(sheng)音信號(hao)與電流信號(hao)，然后利用(yong)耳機和儀表等工具確定電纜線路上的故(gu)障點。不過這種方法的缺點就是急速測量結(jie)果有(you)著較大(da)的隨意性，誤差(cha)也大(da)。如果電纜埋在地下太深(shen)就很難(nan)測量，優(you)點就是對設備的要求不高。
(2)聲磁(ci)同步法(fa)。
眾所周知，電(dian)磁場信(xin)號(hao)的(de)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)速(su)度(du)接(jie)(jie)近(jin)光速(su)，但(dan)是聲(sheng)(sheng)音的(de)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)速(su)度(du)卻相(xiang)對較(jiao)慢。如(ru)此一來(lai)電(dian)磁信(xin)號(hao)速(su)度(du)與聲(sheng)(sheng)速(su)之(zhi)間(jian)有著較(jiao)大的(de)差(cha)別，接(jie)(jie)收儀器(qi)在(zai)接(jie)(jie)收聲(sheng)(sheng)、磁信(xin)號(hao)時(shi)(shi)會把(ba)兩張信(xin)號(hao)看做是同時(shi)(shi)從故(gu)障(zhang)點發出來(lai)的(de)，因而探(tan)測位置(zhi)接(jie)(jie)近(jin)故(gu)障(zhang)點，信(xin)號(hao)的(de)接(jie)(jie)收時(shi)(shi)間(jian)差(cha)就會變得更(geng)小(xiao)，反之(zhi)亦然(ran)
10kV電力電纜常見故障處理方法
針對10kV電力電纜(lan)出現的(de)常見故障，電力企業(ye)要及(ji)時采(cai)取有效(xiao)的(de)鼓勵(li)方法，以便電力能(neng)夠安(an)全(quan)持久(jiu)地運行(xing)。
1、認(ren)真管理電力電纜運行(xing)環境(jing)和自(zi)身質量
供電(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(或(huo)(huo)委托的(de)(de)(de)外部施(shi)工企(qi)業)在(zai)敷設(she)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)管線時要(yao)先考察周(zhou)圍的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)。如果環(huan)境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)腐蝕因素或(huo)(huo)者其(qi)他容易造(zao)成故障的(de)(de)(de)因素，就(jiu)應(ying)(ying)該盡量避(bi)開。另外，還要(yao)詳細勘察環(huan)境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)質(zhi)污(wu)染情況(kuang)，在(zai)不同(tong)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)地(di)質(zhi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)需做(zuo)好(hao)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)防污(wu)染準(zhun)備措施(shi)。例如要(yao)慎重(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)擇在(zai)化(hua)工廠、地(di)下水污(wu)染區的(de)(de)(de)通道建設(she)。電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)類型也要(yao)參照電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行(xing)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)來選(xuan)(xuan)擇，重(zhong)視電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量，不能讓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)被環(huan)境(jing)(jing)破壞腐蝕。電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)主芯橫(heng)截面需承載(zai)得了線路的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)負(fu)荷，不能讓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)超(chao)負(fu)荷或(huo)(huo)者過電(dian)(dian)壓運(yun)行(xing)。供電(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)(si)要(yao)大(da)力(li)宣傳電(dian)(dian)網(wang)保護(hu)知識，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)圍設(she)置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)標(biao)識，防止電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)被人為破壞，如在(zai)醒目位置(zhi)設(she)置(zhi)警(jing)(jing)示牌，警(jing)(jing)告不要(yao)觸(chu)碰、攀(pan)爬變壓力(li);禁止損壞電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan);嚴厲打(da)擊盜賣和破壞電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為，營造(zao)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)安全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)。
2、注重電(dian)力電(dian)纜施工運行管理
供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司應該(gai)通過明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)管(guan)理(li)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)來明確電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、運行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任。根(gen)據(ju)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)法》等國家相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法律法規(gui)，促進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、運行(xing)(xing)(xing)、管(guan)理(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)正常(chang)(chang)(chang)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)下去。對施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員進行(xing)(xing)(xing)技術(shu)培訓(xun)，保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)質量。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全運行(xing)(xing)(xing)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量、正常(chang)(chang)(chang)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)關系(xi)密切。因(yin)而嚴格培訓(xun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、運行(xing)(xing)(xing)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，并(bing)加強(qiang)考核，既是(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業(ye)自身(shen)負責，也是(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)(chang)(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、運行(xing)(xing)(xing)負責。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)鋪(pu)(pu)設(she)安(an)裝需要(yao)(yao)設(she)計(ji)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)，根(gen)據(ju)地形環境采用(yong)(yong)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)(pu)設(she)方(fang)法，如用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)距離比(bi)較(jiao)遠，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)架空或者防水(shui)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)相(xiang)對集中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)隧道、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)井保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，減少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)損壞。對于新(xin)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)是(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項目，則應該(gai)根(gen)據(ju)國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求來嚴格施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、驗收。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業(ye)應該(gai)在進購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)時需根(gen)據(ju)情(qing)況(kuang)選擇型(xing)號及數量，必須符合供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)符合標(biao)準，不能(neng)(neng)(neng)超負荷(he)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)。將(jiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人為故障、機(ji)械(xie)磨損減小(xiao)(xiao)到最(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)范圍，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)裝路(lu)(lu)徑也應該(gai)要(yao)(yao)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)排和考慮。盡(jin)量選用(yong)(yong)支架、管(guan)道、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)溝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)去鋪(pu)(pu)設(she)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)溝、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)架等輔助設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)應科(ke)學設(she)計(ji)。尤其要(yao)(yao)注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，一定要(yao)(yao)重(zhong)視電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)中(zhong)間頭、終端頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制作質量，多選用(yong)(yong)新(xin)型(xing)硅(gui)橡(xiang)膠預制接頭，并(bing)根(gen)據(ju)國家技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求來施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和驗收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程。
3、加強(qiang)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)監管和日(ri)常維護
供電(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)根據(ju)國家部(bu)委規定(ding)(ding)制定(ding)(ding)相關的(de)監(jian)管(guan)檢(jian)查制度，對線(xian)路(lu)的(de)負(fu)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)流進行(xing)密切監(jian)視(shi)(shi)(shi)，不能讓(rang)過負(fu)荷(he)擊穿結(jie)緣(yuan)，長時間過負(fu)荷(he)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故障。成立專(zhuan)門的(de)維護(hu)部(bu)門，建(jian)立配電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)巡(xun)檢(jian)制度，讓(rang)經(jing)過專(zhuan)業技能培(pei)訓、具有(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)運(yun)行(xing)管(guan)理經(jing)驗的(de)員(yuan)工(gong)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)巡(xun)視(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)等設(she)備(bei)，如(ru)果(guo)發(fa)現有(you)(you)線(xian)路(lu)出(chu)現故障，要及(ji)時上報并提(ti)出(chu)檢(jian)修(xiu)計劃。重(zhong)視(shi)(shi)(shi)存在安全隱患(huan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)特殊巡(xun)視(shi)(shi)(shi)檢(jian)查，并根據(ju)供電(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)的(de)規定(ding)(ding)做好巡(xun)視(shi)(shi)(shi)記錄，如(ru)實填寫線(xian)路(lu)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)情(qing)況。巡(xun)視(shi)(shi)(shi)線(xian)路(lu)時，一(yi)定(ding)(ding)要注意(yi)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)線(xian)路(lu)周(zhou)(zhou)圍的(de)運(yun)行(xing)情(qing)況，例(li)如(ru)有(you)(you)沒(mei)有(you)(you)施工(gong)在線(xian)路(lu)周(zhou)(zhou)圍、線(xian)路(lu)的(de)正常運(yun)行(xing)有(you)(you)沒(mei)有(you)(you)被破壞。
