快速理解火線、零線與地線的區別
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來源:金環宇電線電纜發布(bu)日期:2020-03-11 10:39
火(huo)線(xian)(xian)、零線(xian)(xian)與地(di)線(xian)(xian)的區(qu)別
1、普通家用照明電(dian)路(lu)中,火(huo)線跟(gen)大地(di)之(zhi)間(jian)存(cun)在220V的(de)電(dian)壓,零線跟(gen)大地(di)之(zhi)間(jian)沒有電(dian)壓(或說電(dian)壓為0),因此(ci)火(huo)線跟(gen)零線之(zhi)間(jian)也就存(cun)在220V的(de)電(dian)壓。
2、用測電筆(bi)辨別火線(xian)和零線(xian)。氖(nai)管發光時為火線(xian),不發光則為零線(xian)。
1)家中墻上的插座的兩個插孔,一個插孔接的是(shi)火線(xian),另一個插孔接的是(shi)零(ling)線(xian),你可(ke)以用測電筆(bi)辨別一下哪個插孔接的是(shi)火線(xian)。
2)接入燈泡(或(huo)家中其它用(yong)(yong)電(dian)器)的(de)兩根(gen)電(dian)線,一根(gen)是火(huo)線,一根(gen)是零線,你也可以用(yong)(yong)測電(dian)筆辨別一下連在燈頭的(de)兩個(ge)接線柱上的(de)電(dian)線,不過要注(zhu)意安全。
3)進入(ru)開關(guan)的兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)線頭(tou)實際上是在一(yi)根(gen)火線上斷(duan)開的(例如(ru)進入(ru)臺燈開關(guan)的兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)線頭(tou)),分別接在了開關(guan)的兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)接線柱(zhu)上,開關(guan)閉(bi)合后(臺燈發光時),用(yong)測電筆的筆尖接觸開關(guan)的兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)接線柱(zhu)時,氖(nai)管都(dou)發光。
注意:一定不要(yao)把一根零線(xian)和一根火線(xian)分別接在(zai)開關的(de)兩個接線(xian)柱上(shang),以免發生短路甚至火災事(shi)故。
3、人體直接或間接跟火(huo)線(xian)連通時會(hui)發(fa)生觸(chu)電事(shi)故。
1)直接(jie)站在地上接(jie)觸火(huo)(huo)線(xian)(或(huo)與火(huo)(huo)線(xian)相連的導體),會發生觸電(dian)事(shi)故(gu);
2)站(zhan)在絕緣凳上(shang)一手扶(fu)墻,另一手接觸火線會發生觸電事故;
3)站在絕緣(yuan)凳上(shang)一手接(jie)處火線,另一手接(jie)觸零線會發生觸電(dian)事故。
總之(zhi),只要人體的一(yi)部分直接或間(jian)接接觸(chu)火線(xian),而另一(yi)部分不論是(shi)接觸(chu)大地還(huan)是(shi)接觸(chu)零線(xian),都(dou)會(hui)發生觸(chu)電(dian)事故。
4、下列情況下不(bu)(bu)會發生觸電(dian)事(shi)故,但最好不(bu)(bu)要嘗試,以免誤判火線與零(ling)線而發生意外。
1)直(zhi)接站在地(di)上接觸(chu)零線;
2)站在絕(jue)緣(yuan)凳上只接(jie)觸火線。
日常用電(dian)首(shou)先用電(dian)分(fen)為動(dong)力用電(dian)和家用電(dian)。
動力用電就是(shi)常說(shuo)的380伏(fu)電,多用于(yu)工廠。這種電多是(shi)三相四(si)線(xian)。四(si)線(xian)中三根火線(xian),一(yi)根零線(xian)。
三根(gen)火線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)經(jing)過(guo)(guo)負載如(ru)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機等用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)后都(dou)經(jing)過(guo)(guo)零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)成回路,設備(bei)才(cai)(cai)能正(zheng)常工(gong)作(zuo)。零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在發(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)是接地的。 家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)是指我(wo)們(men)常說的220伏電(dian)(dian)也叫單相電(dian)(dian),有兩根(gen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),一根(gen)火線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),一根(gen)零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。火線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)經(jing)過(guo)(guo)負載如(ru)燈泡(pao)等用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)后經(jing)零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)成回路,用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)才(cai)(cai)能正(zheng)常工(gong)作(zuo)。這里的零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在發(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)也是接地的。
動力電和(he)家(jia)用電的零線(xian)(xian)雖然在(zai)發電廠都是(shi)(shi)接(jie)(jie)地(di)的,但我(wo)們平時說的地(di)線(xian)(xian)和(he)零線(xian)(xian)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個概念。你看(kan)我(wo)們家(jia)里的三(san)孔(kong)電源插(cha)座,如(ru)果是(shi)(shi)正規施工,其中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個孔(kong)是(shi)(shi)火線(xian)(xian),一(yi)(yi)(yi)個孔(kong)是(shi)(shi)零線(xian)(xian),一(yi)(yi)(yi)個孔(kong)是(shi)(shi)地(di)線(xian)(xian)。這(zhe)里的地(di)線(xian)(xian)整座樓匯集后(hou)接(jie)(jie)地(di)。這(zhe)才是(shi)(shi)常(chang)說的地(di)線(xian)(xian)。多數家(jia)用電器都要求要接(jie)(jie)地(di)線(xian)(xian),就是(shi)(shi)要和(he)這(zhe)根地(di)線(xian)(xian)接(jie)(jie)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起。
為什么會觸電?
有的(de)人誤(wu)以為(wei)零線(xian)(xian)就(jiu)是地線(xian)(xian),把(ba)家用電器的(de)接(jie)(jie)地和(he)零線(xian)(xian)接(jie)(jie)一起,那么火線(xian)(xian)在和(he)零線(xian)(xian)形(xing)成(cheng)回(hui)路(lu)的(de)同時也和(he)家用電器的(de)外(wai)(wai)殼形(xing)成(cheng)回(hui)路(lu),使(shi)外(wai)(wai)殼帶電,尤其是在零線(xian)(xian)因故障(zhang)已斷開而(er)電源插座接(jie)(jie)地又不好的(de)情況下更容(rong)易觸電。
1、零線:在家庭用(yong)電中(zhong),零線通常是(shi)指從變壓器(qi)接地體引出來的線,它(ta)的接電阻有嚴(yan)格(ge)的規定(ding),必須小于等于0。5歐姆,這樣才(cai)能(neng)保證用(yong)電設(she)備正常使用(yong);
2、火(huo)線(xian):是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)對于零線(xian)來(lai)說(shuo)的(de),通(tong)(tong)常(chang)家庭(ting)用電只是(shi)(shi)用三(san)相(xiang)電的(de)其中一相(xiang),它(ta)的(de)線(xian)電壓為220伏,它(ta)是(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)過零線(xian)構(gou)成回路使家用電器工(gong)作的(de);
3、地(di)(di)線:我們給家用電(dian)器(qi)接的(de)電(dian)線,通常(chang)(chang)是(shi)為了安全和消除靜(jing)電(dian)而接的(de)地(di)(di)線,它對(dui)接地(di)(di)電(dian)阻沒有(you)嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)要求,通常(chang)(chang)是(shi)比較大的(de),對(dui)地(di)(di)電(dian)壓沒有(you)電(dian)流通過(guo)時(shi)為零,把它做為用電(dian)器(qi)的(de)零線是(shi)無(wu)法讓設備正常(chang)(chang)工作的(de);
4、中線(xian):就(jiu)是將用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)的(de)金屬外殼(ke)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機和變壓器(qi))的(de)接(jie)地(di)線(xian)做金屬連接(jie)起來的(de)那條線(xian),它要求供電(dian)(dian)(dian)給用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)的(de)線(xian)路中的(de)熔斷(duan)器(qi)或空氣開關(guan),在用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)一相碰殼(ke)時(shi),能夠(gou)以最短的(de)時(shi)間(jian)斷(duan)開電(dian)(dian)(dian)路,從(cong)而保護設(she)備(bei)和人生安全(quan);
5、家中的插(cha)座不是(shi)三相(xiang)插(cha)座而是(shi)三線(xian)插(cha)座,它的中間是(shi)接地線(xian)的,兩邊是(shi)用來(lai)接零線(xian)和(he)火線(xian)的,雖(sui)然(ran)電工手(shou)冊上(shang)也有左零右火的規定,但在(zai)實際生活中要求(qiu)并(bing)不那么(me)嚴(yan)格(ge)。
照明電(dian)(dian)路里(li)的兩根電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian),一(yi)根叫火(huo)(huo)線(xian)(xian)(xian),另一(yi)根則叫零(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。火(huo)(huo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)零(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的區(qu)別在于(yu)它們對(dui)地的電(dian)(dian)壓不同:( 電(dian)(dian)工技(ji)術之家)火(huo)(huo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)對(dui)地電(dian)(dian)壓為220V,零(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)對(dui)地電(dian)(dian)壓為0 地線(xian)(xian)(xian)就是(shi)(shi)接(jie)地的線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)工里(li)面沒有中線(xian)(xian)(xian)的家里(li)的一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)孔插座不是(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)相插座,中間是(shi)(shi)接(jie)地線(xian)(xian)(xian)兩邊是(shi)(shi)火(huo)(huo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)零(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian),家里(li)的一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)孔插座不是(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)相插座,中間是(shi)(shi)接(jie)地線(xian)(xian)(xian),兩邊是(shi)(shi)火(huo)(huo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)零(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian),右邊為火(huo)(huo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(L),左(zuo)邊為零(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(N)。
火線(xian)(xian)(xian)和零線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)區別(bie)在于它們(men)對(dui)(dui)地的(de)電(dian)壓不同:火線(xian)(xian)(xian)對(dui)(dui)地電(dian)壓為(wei)220V,零線(xian)(xian)(xian)對(dui)(dui)地電(dian)壓為(wei)0 中(zhong)(zhong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是從發電(dian)機或電(dian)力(li)變壓器中(zhong)(zhong)性點引出的(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian),如果它不接地就(jiu)稱(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)線(xian)(xian)(xian),如果將它良好接了地(大地為(wei)零電(dian)位(wei)),此時的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)就(jiu)又(you)稱(cheng)為(wei)零線(xian)(xian)(xian)了。
民用(yong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和地線(xian)(xian)(xian)雖(sui)然(ran)都從同一點引出,但它們(men)各(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)分開的(de)(de)(de),不能(neng)混用(yong)。比如零(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和火(huo)(huo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)回路線(xian)(xian)(xian),它們(men)和電(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)外殼是(shi)(shi)(shi)緣的(de)(de)(de),線(xian)(xian)(xian)里流(liu)(liu)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)同樣大小的(de)(de)(de),故線(xian)(xian)(xian)徑(jing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)同樣的(de)(de)(de)粗細。而地線(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)和電(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)外殼相(xiang)聯的(de)(de)(de),當(dang)(dang)電(dian)器有(you)故障時當(dang)(dang)中才有(you)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)通,一般沒有(you)電(dian)流(liu)(liu),故其線(xian)(xian)(xian)徑(jing)要細得多。零(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和火(huo)(huo)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)回路,故絕不能(neng)將零(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)接到外殼上,那會使人觸(chu)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)。
地(di)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、零(ling)(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和火線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian):大地(di)是良好(hao)的導體,地(di)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)通過深埋的電極(ji)與(yu)大地(di)短路(lu)連接(jie)。市電的傳(chuan)輸是以三相的方式,并有一根中(zhong)性線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),三相平衡時中(zhong)性線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的電流為零(ling)(ling)(ling),俗稱"零(ling)(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)",零(ling)(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的另一個(ge)特點是與(yu)地(di)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在系統(tong)總(zong)配(pei)電輸入(ru)短接(jie),電壓(ya)差接(jie)近為零(ling)(ling)(ling)。
三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)三根(gen)相(xiang)線(xian)與零(ling)線(xian)有(you)(you)220電(dian)(dian)壓,會(hui)對人產生電(dian)(dian)擊,俗(su)稱(cheng)"火(huo)線(xian)"。電(dian)(dian)氣線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)安裝及排列(lie)順序有(you)(you)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),實(shi)際中按標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)正確裝配地(di)線(xian)、零(ling)線(xian)和火(huo)線(xian)對安全至關(guan)重要。火(huo)線(xian),地(di)線(xian),零(ling)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)英語單(dan)詞上面(mian)是地(di)線(xian)Earth Wire,“E” 下面(mian)兩個端子分別(bie)是零(ling)線(xian)Naught Wire,“N” 火(huo)線(xian)Live wire,“L”。交流電(dian)(dian),不是特別(bie)要求,火(huo)零(ling)不分國(guo)際標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun): 紅色為(wei)火(huo)線(xian),黑色為(wei)零(ling)線(xian),花色為(wei)地(di)線(xian),所(suo)有(you)(you)大的(de)(de)(de)廠家和標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化的(de)(de)(de)產品都遵循這個原則,雖火(huo)線(xian)和零(ling)線(xian)可以(yi)互(hu)換,不推薦。