耐火電纜的應用現狀及問題
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來源：金環宇電纜發布日期(qi)：2019-09-05 15:43
據統(tong)(tong)計，我國發生(sheng)的(de)火災中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)氣(qi)原因引(yin)起(qi)的(de)火災占一半左右。在火災時，火焰可能會(hui)引(yin)燃(ran)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)絕(jue)緣和護套材料，導致火災事故進(jin)一步(bu)擴大。特別是火焰將消防(fang)(fang)設(she)備的(de)控制線(xian)路(lu)、火災自(zi)動報(bao)警系統(tong)(tong)的(de)信號傳輸線(xian)路(lu)、消防(fang)(fang)廣播線(xian)路(lu)和消防(fang)(fang)電(dian)話線(xian)路(lu)等電(dian)纜損(sun)壞后(hou)，會(hui)延(yan)誤救(jiu)援(yuan)時間(jian)，從而造成(cheng)更大的(de)生(sheng)命(ming)財產損(sun)失。因此，世(shi)界各國對(dui)重要建筑物中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)關鍵線(xian)路(lu)用電(dian)纜都提(ti)出了(le)線(xian)路(lu)完(wan)整性(xing)要求，即要求這些線(xian)路(lu)的(de)電(dian)纜具有(you)耐火特性(xing)。
根據_標準IEC60331《在火焰條件下測試電纜維持線路完整性的能力》以及我國標準GB/T 19213《在火焰條件下電纜或光纜的線路完整性試驗》中的規定，“耐火電纜的(de)(de)線路完(wan)整性”定義為“在規定的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)焰、規定的(de)(de)電纜承(cheng)受(shou)狀況(kuang)和規定的(de)(de)時間(jian)周期內(nei)，電纜以設定的(de)(de)方(fang)式持(chi)續運行的(de)(de)能力(li)。”結合這些標準中試(shi)驗條(tiao)件的(de)(de)具(ju)體規定，可(ke)以看出耐火(huo)(huo)電纜的(de)(de)本質(zhi)要求是在火(huo)(huo)災事(shi)故條(tiao)件下可(ke)繼(ji)續維持(chi)運行合理時間(jian)，以滿(man)足人員自救和消防救援的(de)(de)需要。
隨著(zhu)我(wo)國經濟社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展和對(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重視，耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)也(ye)得到更加(jia)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，_及地方政府相關(guan)部門在(zai)各(ge)類建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)設(she)(she)計(ji)規(gui)范(fan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)于耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇及使用(yong)(yong)(yong)也(ye)有(you)較為明確(que)(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。如在(zai)GB 50045-95(2005版)《高(gao)層民用(yong)(yong)(yong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑設(she)(she)計(ji)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)規(gui)范(fan)》中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)定(ding)：消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)滿足火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)連續供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)阻燃或耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)敷(fu)設(she)(she)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)井、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)溝內時(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)采(cai)(cai)取防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)保護(hu)措施;當采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)礦(kuang)物(wu)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，可(ke)直接敷(fu)設(she)(she)等。在(zai)DCJ 08-93-2002《民用(yong)(yong)(yong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)設(she)(she)計(ji)規(gui)程(cheng)(上海(hai))》中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)定(ding)：消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)、火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)自動報警系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)信號(hao)傳輸線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)、消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)廣播線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)和消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)穿金(jin)屬管明敷(fu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian);由變配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(或總配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)室)引至(zhi)消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)主干線(xian)(xian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)阻燃耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)或礦(kuang)物(wu)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan);雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)自切箱(xiang)引至(zhi)消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)控制箱(xiang)及由消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)控制箱(xiang)引至(zhi)消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)等分(fen)支(zhi)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)穿管敷(fu)設(she)(she)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)，但(dan)明敷(fu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)金(jin)屬管，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)支(zhi)架或沿墻明敷(fu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)次啊用(yong)(yong)(yong)礦(kuang)物(wu)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)等。從上述(shu)這些規(gui)定(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)以看出，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一些關(guan)鍵線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)均要求在(zai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)條件下能夠維持一段時(shi)(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行，但(dan)這些規(gui)定(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)于耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)類型(除(chu)礦(kuang)物(wu)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)外)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)夠明確(que)(que)。
除(chu)傳統(tong)的(de)礦物絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜外，近(jin)年來我國在(zai)開發(fa)其他具有耐(nai)火特(te)性的(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(特(te)別是如圖1c結構的(de)電(dian)(dian)纜)方(fang)面取得了很大的(de)進步，并(bing)且也(ye)大量用(yong)(yong)于(yu)一些建筑(zhu)物中的(de)關鍵線路(lu)中。從國內(nei)耐(nai)火電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)實(shi)際使用(yong)(yong)情(qing)況來看，不同(tong)結構耐(nai)火電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)性能有較(jiao)大的(de)差異，如同(tong)等條件下(xia)相同(tong)導體截(jie)面的(de)電(dian)(dian)纜載流能力(li)存在(zai)明顯區別、不同(tong)電(dian)(dian)纜在(zai)安裝敷設時的(de)難(nan)易程度完全不同(tong)等。另外，很多中介狗的(de)耐(nai)火電(dian)(dian)纜(如采用(yong)(yong)云母帶耐(nai)火，有機聚(ju)合物作(zuo)為護套)還沒有_的(de)_標準(zhun)及行(xing)業標準(zhun)，這一方(fang)面導致耐(nai)火電(dian)(dian)纜產品質量參次(ci)不齊，另一方(fang)面用(yong)(yong)戶在(zai)選用(yong)(yong)時也(ye)不能按統(tong)一的(de)標準(zhun)進行(xing)，這也(ye)造成了耐(nai)火電(dian)(dian)纜在(zai)實(shi)際使用(yong)(yong)過程中出現比較(jiao)混亂的(de)局面。
